Application of Very Urgent Criteria in The Marriage Dispensation Norms for the Protection of Children:  Analysis of Jasser Auda's Theory

Asmuni Asmuni; Rezha Nur Adikara  Rezha Nur Adikara

doi:10.28918/jhi_v22i1_2

Authors

Asmuni Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta
Rezha Nur Adikara Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.28918/jhi_v22i1_2

Keywords:

Marriage Dispensation, Maqāṣid syarī‘ah, Very Urgent

Abstract

The renewal of marriage legal norms regarding the minimum age limit for marriage with the criteria of "very urgent" has given rise to disparities in the judges' consideration when applying decisions on marriage dispensation cases, at the same time increasing the number of child marriages in the religious courts. This research discusses two main patterns, i.e.: the application of the "very urgent" criteria in marriage dispensation cases in the Religious Courts and; the relevance of " very urgent" criteria toward protecting women and children. The theory of the maqāṣid syarī'ah system by Jasser Auda was used as an analytical tool from a contemporary jurisprudential perspective. This research uses a normative juridical approach with data collection techniques using library research. The results of the study show that the form of application of Jasser Auda's maqāṣid syarī'ah system theory in understanding the "very urgent" criteria can at least be analyzed from 4 (four) four conditions that may occur in children whom marriage dispensation is requested,i.e: pregnancy in the child, the potential for free sex, the potential for unregistered marriages, as well as the potential for continuity of education for children who apply for marriage dispensation. These conditions are linear with the six features of Jasser Auda's maqāṣid syarī'ah system,i.e.: the cognitive nature of the system, wholeness, openness, interrelated hierarchy, multi-dimensionality, and focus on goals. In addition, the "very urgent" criteria norm is linear with the objectives of regulations regarding child protection and the elimination of domestic violence.

References

Al-Raḥman, Ṭaha ‘Abd. Tajdīd Al-Manhaj Fī Taqwīm at-Turāṡ. Beirut: Markāz al-Ṡaqāfi al-‘Arābī, n.d.

Alam, Nur Alam. “Dynamics of Judges’ Considerations in The Determination Of Marriage Dispensation at The Enrekang Religion Court.” Al-Iftah: Journal of Islamic Studies and Society 3, no. 2 (2022): 51–60. https://doi.org/10.35905/aliftah.v3i2.6413.

Aljamil (Al-Qur’an Tajwid Warna, Terjemah Per Kata, Terjemah Inggris). Bekasi: Cipta Bagus Segara, 2012.

Anie, Dika Putri Vindi Santika. “Disparity in Judges’ Legal Reasoning on Marriage Dispensation Regarding Minimum Marriage Age: Indonesian Experience.” In International Conference on Sustainable Innovation on Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences (ICOSI-HESS 2022), 120–27. Atlantis Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-65-7.

April, Muhammad, and Asrizal Saiin. “Perfection of Sex for the Intersex (Khun a) to Get Married: Maq Id Syar Ah Perspective on Corrective Surgery.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 14, no. 2 (2021): 173–84. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2021.14205.

Badilag, Ditjen. “Laporan Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Tahun 2022.” Jakarta, 2023. https://kepaniteraan.mahkamahagung.go.id/images/laporan_tahunan/FA-LAPTAH-2022.pdf.

———. “Laporan Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Tahun 2023.” Jakarta, 2024. https://cloud.badilag.net/s/ZmxzSdzb82LwLaA.

BPS. “Proporsi Perempuan Umur 20-24 Tahun Yang Berstatus Kawin Atau Berstatus Hidup Bersama Sebelum Umur 18 Tahun Menurut Provinsi (Persen), 2021-2023.” https://www.bps.go.id/, 2024. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTM2MCMy/proporsi-perempuan-umur-20-24-tahun-yang-berstatus-kawin-atau-berstatus-hidup-bersama-sebelum-umur-18-tahun-menurut-provinsi.html.

Dahlan, Abdul Aziz. Ensiklopedi Hukum Islam. Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve, 1996.

Darmawan, Darmawan, Asmaul Husna, Mirza Rahmatillah, and Helmi Imran. “Marriage Dispensation and Family Resilience: A Case Study of the Bener Meriah Shariah Court, Aceh Province.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 22, no. 2 (2022). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v22i2.28827.

Ferdiansyah, Hengki. Pemikiran Hukum Islam Jasser Auda. Tangerang Selatan: Yayasan Pengkajian Hadis el-Bukhari, 2018.

Gunawan, Shella Oetharry, and Syamsul Bahri. “Impacts of Early Childhood Marriage in Indonesia Viewed from Child Protection Laws Perspectives.” El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 6, no. 2 (2023): 362–80. https://doi.org/10.22373/ujhk.v6i2.20262.

Hakiki, Gaib, Asnita Ulfah, Maarif Ibnu Khoer, Sugeng Supriyanto, Muhammad Basorudin, Widya Larasati, Dwi Prastiwi, et al. “Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak Percepatan Yang Tidak Bisa Ditunda.” Jakarta, 2020.

Handayani, Vivi Tri, and Muhammad Syaroni Rofii. “Evaluasi Kebijakan Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak Melalui Program Strategi Nasional Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak (Stranas PPA).” Kolaborasi: Jurnal Administrasi Publik 9, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v9i1.10159.

Iranisa, and Marihot Nasution. “Komitmen Pemerintah Pada Program Wajib Belajar 12 Tahun.” Buletin APBN VII, No. 13, 2022.

Ishom, Muhammad. “The Loose Interpretation of Dominus Litis Principle in Marriage Dispensation for Underage Marriage in Banten.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 23, no. 2 (2023). https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v23i2.29881.

Ismiati, Saptosih. Menelisik Kupasan Kasus-Kasus KDRT (Sebuah Kajian Yuridis Sosiologi). Sleman: Deepublish Digital, 2023.

Isnaini, Enik. “Kedudukan Hukum Bagi Anak Yang Lahir Karena Kawin Hamil (Married By Accident) Di Tinjau Dari Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Perdata.” Jurnal Independent 1, no. 2 (2013): 8–21.

Jasser, Auda. Maqashid Al-Syari‟ah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008.

Juliennelzky, Ocha, Hidayat Fitri, and Dian Pertiwi. “Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Perlindungan Anak (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Tata Negara Islam).” Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syari’ah 4, no. 1 (2023): 141–49.

Kasim, Nur Mohamad, and Indra Saputra Daud. “Application of The Concept of Maslahah by Judges to Issuance of Marriage Dispensation Due to Pregnancy in Religious Courts.” Jambura Law Review 4, no. 1 (2022): 122–38. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v4i1.10999.

Kholis, M Nur. “Several Judges’ Considerations in Deciding Marriage Dispensation Cases: Case Study at the Rembang Religious Court.” International Journal of Social Service and Research 3, no. 9 (2023): 2135–41. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i9.531.

Kusumaningrum, Santi, Ni Luh Putu Maitra Agastya, Siti Ainun Nisa, Ghivo Pratama, Andrea Andjaringtyas Adhi, Rohika Kurniadi Sari, Thomas Rizal, Erni Rachmawati, and Eti Sri Nurhayati. “Risalah Kebijakan Pencegahan Perkawinan Anak Untuk Perlindungan Berkelanjutan Bagi Anak.” Jakarta, 2023. https://puskapa.org/assets/uploads/2023/04/Policy-Brief-_Pencegahan-Perkawinan-Anak.pdf.

Lahilote, Hasyim Sofyan, A A Miftah, Yuliatin Yuliatin, and Rahmi Hidayati. “Judge’s Dilemma in Marriage Dispensation in the Religious Court.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum Dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 22, no. 1 (2022): 52–60. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v22i1.979.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana Media Grup, 2014.

Murdijana, Desti, Siti Nurwati Hodijah, and Ema Mukarramah. “Kertas Kebijakan Pengabaian Hak Reproduksi Dan Seksual: Ancaman Bagi Keselamatan Dan Hak Hidup Perempuan Dan Anak Perempuan Indonesia.” https://komnasperempuan.go.id/, 2019. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/kertas-posisi-detail/pengabaian-hak-reproduksi-dan-seksual-ancaman-bagi-keselamatan-dan-hak-hidup-perempuan-dan-anak-perempuan-indonesia-kertas-kebijakan-komnas-perempuan-untuk-pemenuhan-hak-reproduksi-dan-seksual-dan-10-risa.

Murni, Sri. “The Marriage Age Limit According to Indonesian Law No. 16, 2019 as Effort to Child Protection.” In International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020), 222–30. Atlantis Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200513.047.

Mursyid, S, and N Yusuf. “Changes in Marriage Age Limits and Marriage Dispensations: A Study of Causes and Impacts on the Religious Courts in North Sulawesi.” Samarah 6, no. 2 (2022): 975–96. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v6i2.12439.

Nawawi, M Anwar, Sulastri Sulastri, Relit Nur Edi, and Agus Setiawan. “Harmonization of Islam and Human Rights: Judges’ Legal Arguments in Rejecting Child Marriage Dispensation in Sukadana, Indonesia.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan 22, no. 1 (2022): 117–34. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i1.117-133.

Pakasi, Diana Teresa, Reni Kartikawati, Fatimah Az Zahro, Amalina Azzahra, Ni Nyoman Sri Natih, Nadira Reza Chairani, Lusiana Rumintang, Tasneem Kakal, and Anke van der Kwaak. “Yes I Do. The Situation of Child Marriage, Teenage Pregnancy, and FGM/C in Sukabumi, Rembang, and West Lombok Regencies.” Jakarta, 2018.

Rachmatulloh, Mochammad Agus, and Chafidz Syafiuddin. “Praktik Permohonan Dispensasi Kawin Di Pengadilan (Studi Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 5 Tahun 2019).” Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam 9, no. 1 (2022): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v9i1.23752.

Rasji, Rasji, and Ida Kurnia. “Application Of Reasons For Marriage Dispensation By The Indramayu Religious Court.” International Journal of Application on Social Science and Humanities 1, no. 4 (2023): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.24912/ijassh.v1i4.28669.

Rizki, Darlin, Frina Oktalita, and Ali Sodiqin. “Maqasid Sharia Perspective in Changes the Marriage Age Limits for Women According to Law Number 16 of 2019.” Al-Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 November (2022): 487–508. https://doi.org/10.29240/jhi.v7i2.4016.

Rohman, Taufiqur, Muhammad Mahsus, Muhammad Abduh, and Gioia Arnone. “Preventing Violations of Religious and Social Norms: Judicial Interpretation of’Urgent Reasons’ in Marriage Dispensation at the Wonosari Religious Court, Indonesia.” J. Islamic L. 4, no. 2 (2023): 218–36. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v4i2.1535.

Santhoso, Fauzan Heru, and Moh Abdul Hakim. “Deprivasi Relatif Dan Prasangka Antar Kelompok.” Jurnal Psikologi 39, no. 1 (2012): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.6971.

Setiawan, Budi, Adilia Dian Fatmawati, Amalia Noviani, and Eva Yugiana. “Kesejahteraan Anak Indonesia: Analisis Deprivasi Hak Anak Multidimensi 2022.” Https://Www.Bps.Go.Id/. Jakarta, 2023.

Shahrullah, Rina Shahriyani, Firdaus Firdaus, Elza Syarief, Aditya Rahmadhony, Ampuan Situmeang, Sri Lilestina Nasution, Nurlaily Nurlaily, Sari Kistiana, and Deden Gumilar Nugraha. “Dilemmas Faced by Judges When Granting Marriage Dispensations for Child Marriages in West Java, Indonesia.” International Journal of Law, Policy and The Family 37, no. 1 (2023): ebad035. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebad035.

Shihab, M Quraish. Tafsīr Al-Misbāh: Pesan, Kesan Dan Keserasian Al-Quran Vol. 7. Jakarta: Lentera, 2005.

Syufa’at, Syufa’at. “Marriage Dispensation in Underage Marriage: A Case Study at the Purwokerto Religious Court.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 16, no. 1 (2022): 91–102. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v16i1.6426.

Yenny, A S. “Upaya Mewujudkan Pemenuhan Hak Atas Identitas Anak.” Jurnal Hukum Media Bhakti 1, no. 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.32501/jhmb.v1i1.1.

Yuni, Lilik Andar. “Analysis of The Emergency Reasons in The Application of Marriage Dispensation at The Tenggarong Religious Court.” Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (2021): 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9135.