Beyond Human Authorship: Rethinking Copyright Ownership of Generative Artificial Intelligence Works Through an Islamic Legal Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28918/16066Abstract
This study reconsiders the copyright ownership of works produced by generative artificial intelligence (AI) in Indonesia from an Islamic law perspective. The crucial question is not whether AI can be considered an author or copyright owner but how the law should deal with ownership, attribution, the use of training data, the distribution of benefits, and liability when generative AI works involve humans providing prompts, algorithmic systems, platforms, datasets, developers, and commercial actors. The research is adopts normative legal research, consisting of statutory, conceptual, and comparative legal research, where comparative legal research is used as a supporting method. The results suggest that Indonesian copyright law remains human-centered, meaning AI cannot be recognized as an author or copyright holder. However, Indonesian copyright law has failed to develop clear rules to determine what constitutes a genuine human creative contribution and the proper division of ownership. From an Islamic legal perspective, ownership of copyright should be predicated on lawful entitlement, valid consent, recognized benefit, protection of economic value, responsibility, and prevention of harm. The study proposes an adaptive and equitable legal framework that distinguishes between fully autonomous AI outputs without any human creative input, AI-assisted works that still involve human creative control, and AI-assisted works produced within employment, commissioning, or institutional arrangements. Principles of milkiyyah, istihqaq, rida, manfaah, hifz al-mal, mas’uliyyah, maslahah, and la darar wa la dirar are the normative and operational foundations for reform of Indonesian copyright law.
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