The Contextual Qur’anic Interpretation of Jihad

Contextual Qur’anic


evidenced by the suicide bombings carried out by the perpetrators at the Santa Maria
Catholic church and the Surabaya Police Headquarters. 2 The latest "Jihad" phenomenon appeared in March 2021, right at the Cathedral Church -Makassar, a husband and wife affiliated with the terror act in the Philippines and a terrorist group from the Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD) network carried out a suicide bombing by leaving a will to their family. with the aim of jihad in the way of Allah to reach heaven, 3 then followed by a shootout by Zakiyah Aini at the National Police Headquarters, Jakarta, which resulted in the death of Zakiyah. Zakiyah became a lone wolf (independent actor) in carrying out his actions, based on the will he left to his family and uploads on his personal Instagram, he became a strong suspect as a member of ISIS. 4 Some of the cases and phenomena above have become a common concern, when the issue of terrorists disappeared for several years, now it appears with a new look and involves more women. Acts of terrorism do not have to take the form of fistfights and physical violence, the ideology that resembles the extreme ideology of ISIS is massively felt by the public, such as truths that are unilaterally acknowledged without regard to the benefit of the people. The act of defending religion, extremism of the contemporary hijrah concept, the tagline of returning to the sunnah, to the establishment of the HTI organization which is used as a forum to establish the Khilafah in Indonesia are some of the products resulting from an extreme radical understanding of the interpretation of the verse before it eventually becomes a more outspoken act of terrorism.

AQWAL Journal of Qur'an and Hadis Studies
The Contextual Qur'anic Interpretation....   (Nur Kumala) | 189 the injustice and authority of the United States and its allies against Muslims in Afghanistan with the intention that they stop their injustice." He explained that his actions were one of the proofs of his devotion to God. Through the fragments of sentences explained by terrorist actors, it is indicated that the understanding of devotion (jihad) to Allah is to destroy and fight those who do not have the same belief as himself. The problem above is felt to continue to grow, even though terrorist actors have been sentenced to death, exiled from human civilization, or the disbandment of organizations that have radical ideologies. Because basically an ideology that has been indoctrinated to the human mind continuously, will be embedded in humans so that under their consciousness humans perceive it as the truth and believe in it. where the struggle is carried out by hand and verbally. 11 As explained above, the meaning of jihad has a variety of meanings, ranging from sincerity, ability, strength and others. Jihad is often interpreted as 'war' or the same as the word qital because it started with a massive war during the prophetic period, 12 so that some people or certain groups are more inclined to interpret and interpret the verses that explain qital (war) similar to the meaning of 'jihad'. All figures and commentators also have differences in the meaning of jihad, by Quraish Shihab (2007), that jihad is a genuine struggle by mobilizing one's abilities and strengths to achieve goals, especially against enemies, or defending truth, goodness, and nobility. 13 In his book Muhammad Chirzin (2006), Din Syamsudin in his introduction explains that the broad meaning of jihad does not only mean war or sacrificing the occurrence of war, physical contact and weapons, because going in the way of Allah will always be carried out, both in an atmosphere of war and peace. 14 It is our collective duty to restore the meaning of 'jihad' according to its original meaning accompanied by the universal values described in the Qur'an and Hadith. As we already know, that Islamic civilization is certainly inseparable from the journey of fiqh. Thus, the word jihad should be interpreted also from the point of view of a more comprehensive fiqhiyah rule. 15 The Fuqaha (fiqh experts) classify the forms of jihad into four forms, namely jihad al-nafs (jihad against oneself, namely by restraining one's lust), jihad al-  (Nur Kumala) their homeland by the Meccan infidel group. Then, Allah allowed the believers to fight the polytheists, because they had wronged and fought the Muslims.
As we already know, that the Qur'an was revealed gradually, among others, as a reaction to the conditions of the times and the answer to the problems at that time.
Therefore, the texts of the Qur'an are full of historical socio-historical and political contexts that developed during the revelation of these verses. In the science of interpretation it is referred to as Asbab Al-Nuzul, and the classification of Makkiyah or Madaniyah verses, as knowledge and application of the meaning of the Qur'anic texts from the macro context that frames a verse. Through this interpretation, it becomes a form of human ihtiyar to be more observant and critical of a verse, so as to be able to see verses that provide messages of values and morality, as well as verses which are operational technicalities that become legal institutions that are bound by the context of space and time as described above. madaniyah verses.
So in looking at the context mentioned above, it is necessary to interpret one of the qital verses which is often used as an interpretation of the current form of jihad, which refers to the QS. Al-Taubah: 29. In contemporary commentary discourse, it is believed that in order to understand a more accountable interpretation of certain Qur'anic concepts and values, it requires a thematic reading (maudhu'iyah) without neglecting the historical context of a particular context. text. Thus, the author's idea is to try to analyze the verse through the contemporary interpretation of the Double movement, in order to find a strengthening analysis that Jihad is not just a matter of war and ceasefire, but that there are more universal purposes and values to be studied.

Double Movement Interpretation and Interpretation Analysis of QS. Al-Taubah: 29
The word qital (war) in the Qur'an is often found with a more aggressive meaning by certain people or groups as a form of command to jihad. This became a polemic in the midst of the people when the verse ordered to fight against non-Muslims and people of the book, but from the other side Islam also teaches to be gentle, polite and peaceful, as stated in the QS. Al-Anbiya':107, that Islam is a religion that is Rahmatan lil 'Alamiin. So through the interpretation of the Double Movement by Fazlur Rahman, namely the analysis of the interpretation of the double One of the contemporary interpretation analyzes by Fazlur Rahman is referred to as double movement interpretation analysis because the analysis process is by understanding and examining the historical process of the revelation of the verse which then generalizes it to the goals and moral values that the verse wants to convey.
In his book Rahman (1982)  So it is hoped that this method will be able to bring the flexibility of Islamic law at any given time which is influenced by different historical, social and cultural backgrounds. Rahman called the two methods the historical criticism method, namely as a method of deconstructing the old methodology, which aims to reveal the values contained in historical data, and the hermeneutic method as a reconstruction effort, namely to interpret the text. Al-Qur'an through socio-historical method as a tool in finding the related social context. 27 The principle of analysis of the double movement interpretation is as follows: 1. Understanding the meaning or meaning of the verse by looking at and examining historical situations and problems where the statement of the Qur'an or the verse is the answer.
2. Generalize specific answers and state them as a statement that has general moralsocial purposes.
3. Bringing these general values and goals into a concrete socio-historical context in the present, by looking carefully at the current conditions and situations. 28

Application of Double Movement Theory
For more details, the author will apply the theoretical analysis steps above to the qital verse of QS. Al-Tabah: 29, as follows: In this case, we can conclude together, that although this verse was revealed to fight the people of the book, it has the same context as when the qital verse which was shown to fight non-Muslims was revealed, which has certain causes and reasons, namely because the people of the book have cooperated with Roman Christians to antagonize and attack Islam. So it is found that the context of this verse is not fighting the people of the book because of different beliefs, but to defend Islam because it was known beforehand that the Roman army, including the people of the book, would attack Islam. 30 So that resulted in the first movement that the macro condition of the verse above is the situation and condition of the Arab community at that time, so that war is still a solution as a problem solving. The micro context is asbabun nuzul from the verse above, which is shown to fight the people of the book because they are allied with the Arab Mushriks to fight Islam, so this is a threat to the survival of 30 Saifunnuha, 54-56. Islam. So, when there is no real threat and military aggression from the people of the book, it is not allowed to fight, because the qital verse is present as a form of response to protect and defend Islam.
In Then in the second movement, which is to draw the universal values above to the current context, which results that: 'alamiin more widely, even though it is only one verse. In addition, work in order to improve Indonesia towards a developed and civilized country is also one of the challenges of jihad that must be faced together as citizens to defend their homeland and religion from attacks by internal and external enemies.

Luthfi's Perspective)
As stated by Fazlur Rahman through his double movement theory, the criticism of classical scholars is that they do not analyze the historical history of a text much, so this is also one of the references for the author to make this criticism a solution to jihad in today's era. The reason is that the verse of jihad is often misinterpreted, so a solution is also needed to dispel jihad which is only interpreted by qital (war) or other fundamental ways. So the author provides a more elegant solution for today's jihad in accordance with the explanation of the interpretation of one of the qital verses above, and universal values are found and look back at the present era above, namely the concept of Difa'il Wathan from Habib Lutfi's perspective. So it is necessary to take and actualize the universal values of the qital verse above which are not only commands for Muslims in ancient times but are also relevant for today. So by looking at the current problems, a new understanding of jihad is needed, one of which is the modern concept of difa'il wathan initiated by Habib Luthfi, which is a major finding to contextualize the understanding of "presentday jihad" and silence the meaning of "conventional jihad". The authors classify the division into three themes that are interconnected with each other, including:

Planting Historical Materials (Historical Literacy)
Currently, Indonesia needs a millennial generation who is sensitive to past events, this is a separate knowledge for humans in making decisions.  (Nur Kumala) and country. 32 As stated by Habib Luthfi at a different time, at the International Conference (2016), that to defend the country it takes a sense of love for the homeland, and love for the homeland does not just appear, but begins with studying, knowing the history of the Indonesian nation and instilling moderate and tolerant ideology in every child of the nation. 33

Improving the Quality of Competency Skills as Achievements
Indonesia has become a developing country not only because of economic factors, but also because of technological and social factors, especially in 2019 and in the education quality survey conducted by PISA (Program for International Student Assessment) from 77 countries, Indonesia was ranked 72nd or ranked 6th. from below. This is a homework for all of us to not only improve the education system, but also improve the quality of competence and achievement, especially for the millennial generation. This is in line with what Habib Luthfi said about the importance of loving the country, and one of the proofs is by showing the achievements of each citizen, which will bring up its own strength for the country, starting from achievements in the fields of intellectuals, science, tijariyah (trade), agriculture. and so forth.
In addition, Habib Luthfi as a preacher conveyed the importance of having a good faith, a moderate and tolerant faith that is able to ward off all radical behaviors that enter Indonesia, by instilling an attitude of mutual respect, mutual respect and continuous achievement, so that whoever the citizen is do not follow the behavior that does not reflect the love of the homeland. 34

Strengthening Ukhuwah Wathaniyah
Several cases of debate, hostility and clashes that occurred in Indonesia, one of which was filled with differences, and errors in understanding them. Indonesia's heterogeneous and multicultural conditions make the nation vulnerable to division due to differences. So, one of the jihads of today for us is to create harmony and peace through unity on the basis of fellow Indonesian citizens (ukhuwah wathaniyah jihad can also be carried out by loving the homeland by maintaining harmony among citizens in ukhuwah wathaniyah and believing that defending the country is the duty and obligation of every child of the nation, so as to be able to create a country that is harmony, peace and avoid the threat of enemies who will divide the unity of the country. 35 As the Prophet had taught in uniting the Ansar, Muhajirin, Jews, Christians and other Arabs in the Medina charter, the aim of which was to keep Medina in harmony and peace.

CONCLUSION
As explained above, that Jihad is not always related to qital or battle, one of the verses of qital is QS. At-Taubah: 29 when analyzed using one of the contemporary interpretation theories of Double Movement, several specifications are produced and have universal values that are more human and benefit values in actualizing the meaning of jihad in the current context.
So it is concluded that qital is no longer relevant to be applied to the current conditions of the era, the people, and the government. However, we can apply the moral values with different packaging, one of which is by actualizing the difa'il wathan perspective of Habib Luthfi as a solution for today's jihad. Where, this difa'il wathan is a message that must be spread especially to the millennial generation. So it should be a role for all of us to pass on the issues of difail wathan above and implement them as a solution to silence the distorted meaning of "jihad".