Religious Behaviour of Mosque Congregation during the Covid-19 Pandemic with a Neuroscience Perspective: A Case Study at the Jogokariyan Mosque Yogyakarta

The spread of Covid-19 in the month of Ramadan 1442 H, caused all worship activities to be closed tightly. However, there is one mosque whose religious activities are still active, which is attended by the congregation of the mosque, namely the Jogokariyan Mosque in Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze religious behavior vertically between God and Creatures, namely the congregation of the mosque during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method with case studies. The informants of this research were 20 members of the Jogokariyan mosque, 1 takmir of the mosque, and 2 committees of Ramadan 1442 H. Data collection techniques were carried out using data from interviews, observation, and documentation methods. The data analysis technique uses the reduction method, the display method, and the conclusion drawing/verification method. The results of the study show that religious behavior is vertical. The congregation of the mosque followed a series of fasting worship that had been scheduled by the takmir of the Jogokariyan mosque. Carrying out a series of bukber events, tarawih prayers, and religious studies online and offline in the fasting month of Ramadan 1444 H. The congregation of the mosque comes in droves to the mosque following the series seriously and carefully and it is relevant to psychosocial and neurospiritual theories.


INTRODUCTION
The main problem in this study is that the mosque congregations find it difficult to worship in the mosque.Some Muslims experience anxiety due to the Covid-19 pandemic because on the one hand there is an appeal from the government that Indonesian people carry out worship at home. it also affects worship in the month of Ramadan 144H (Ickert, Stefaniuk, & Leask, 2021).However, this is based on a preliminary study that directly surveys the research location (field).There is a mosque in Yogyakarta that continues to carry out worship activities in the month of Ramadan 1444 H.This is different from other mosques in Yogyakarta, although several mosques continue to worship, but are not open are perceptions and notions that say "I'm not afraid of Covid-19 and I'm only afraid of Hell".called the anticorona or anti-science.(Hisny Fajrussalam, Koko Adya Winata, Ihin Solihin, 2020).
In the preliminary study, researchers found that there were mosque congregations or mosque residents who came in droves to carry out face-to-face worship activities during the Covid-19 pandemic.All mosque congregations carry out religious activities from breaking the fast together to activities around religious studies and recitations.The iftar activity consists of 200 mosque worshipers, not only indigenous people but those from outside the area who want to take part in activities at the Jogokariyan mosque.Likewise, Tarawih prayers, routine studies before breaking the fast, and face-to-face recitations are attended by many mosque congregations.Every day, the Jogokariyan mosque provides 2000 portions of food or takjil iftar.As well as the routine of a series of tarawih prayers and starting with a tarawih lecture.
If you look at the development of society and Muslims, especially those in the Jogokariyan mosque area, in psychosocial and neurospiritual aspects, In the delegation of religious activities carried out by the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque, they had a unique religious experience.This means that during the pandemic, the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque still comes and actively participates in religious activities at the Jogokariyan mosque in Yogyakarta.It can be seen that since then the congregation of explained that the aspect of religiosity (spirituality) that High levels were found to inhibit suicidal behavior towards adolescents who want to have sex.This can be underlined by the importance of increasing religiosity or spirituality of religious behavior in one's personality (Valentina, Marchira, Afiatin, & Hadjam, 2021).
The journal research was also researched by Yudanagara 2020, with the title "Psychosocial Impact of Discrimination on Former Leprosy Patients" his research findings state that participants have a stigma against themselves because of leprosy.For example, bodies that have been damaged and are frightening to others, although real discrimination is rarely encountered nowadays.The consequences of stigma and discrimination are negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety about interacting with outsiders, fear of being shunned, and lack of self-confidence (Yudanagara, 2020).Responsively, Yudanegara's research analyzes that the stigma on former leprosy sufferers is still strong and their thoughts need to be changed in their way of thinking to live a better life.Finally, there is the research of Putri et al, 2020, with the title "Psychosocial Care Models in Palliative Care in Breast Cancer Patients".explained that the models of psychosocial services provided by the palliative team were social services in palliative support group programs, psychological interventions, home visits and home care services, and community counseling (Putri & Suryanto, 2019).
Research that leads to a model of psychosocial services for breast cancer patients.Influence on physical, social, cognitive, emotional, and psychological problems faced by sufferers.
Based on the facts of the previous research literature, in this study, it can be said that this research is important to be followed up.As the researcher described above in the facts of the previous research literature, neurospiritual and psychosocial research has many implications for Islamic education, religious experience, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the living hadith perspective, psychosocial service models, and the importance of neurospiritual and psychosocial relationships in social and spiritual.Thus, the researcher concludes that this research is a novelty to previous research or previous research because there have been no religious studies discussing the innovation of Muslim religious behavior.This means that the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque remains consistent in worshiping in the month of Ramadan during the Covid-19 period.The contribution of this research is to analyze the activities of the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque both online and offline.Researchers to easily analyze using neurospiritual and psychosocial approaches (Maliki, 2020).This research is very important to be followed up on because it is the first research on the topic of discussion.
The reason researchers analyzed from psychosocial and neurospiritual approaches is that psychosocial is very relevant to this research.Psychosocial is an approach that is often used by psychologists in discussing problems or studies related to the positive or negative impacts of psychological effects.Based on the literature initiated by Erikson as the initiator of this theory.This has also been continued by Kurniati regarding the psychological impact on breast cancer sufferers.The reason researchers used a psychosocial approach was the positive impact faced by the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque.Psychosocial taken by researchers is to adjust to the conditions that occur in the Jogokariyan mosque.
This study aims to analyze religious behavior (Jogokariyan mosque congregation) during the month of Ramadan during the Covid-19 pandemic, with psychosocial and neurospiritual approaches.The reason the researcher uses psychosocial and neurospiritual approaches is because it is relevant and in accordance with this research.horizontal religious behavior in terms of religious activities.As for the activities of the mosque congregation with their worship activities that are still related to spirituality.However, the researcher emphasized on the spiritual aspect which was based on the brain aspect of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation.
The research method used in this research is a qualitative approach with case studies.
The reason for using this method is because they want to understand and describe the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation during the Covid-19 period with a psychosocial and neurospiritual approach to a case study in the holy month of Lastly, the Covid-19 Task Force can act as a facilitator to help the mosque and the congregation devise creative solutions, such as conducting congregational prayers virtually or in more open and safe environments.This approach allows the congregation to stay connected with their religious community while complying with Covid-19 prevention guidelines.With a wise approach, accurate information, and cooperation between the government, religious leaders, and the community, we can maintain public health and support religious values in facing the challenges of this pandemic.

Vertical Religious Behavior of Jogokariyan Mosque Congregants
The activities held at Jogokariyan mosque during the month of Ramadan have become research findings relevant to vertical religious behavior.Researchers have utilized the neurospiritual approach, focusing on the spiritual brain as a reinforcement, and have also drawn connections with previous research.Through these activities, the mosque congregation displayed unwavering enthusiasm in their Ramadan-related practices, even amidst the challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
The neuro-spiritual linkages in Jogokariyan mosque are evident in the worship activities, such as Tarawih prayers, Quran recitation, and remembrance, which involve the formation of a spiritual circuit through the Neurospiritual Operator (ONS).This chapter provides scientific evidence as the first argument for the presence of spirituality in humans.
Advanced brain scanning studies have revealed that spirituality has a neurobiological basis in the human brain, offering empirical explanations for the existence of a spiritual humans.
In the context of Jogokariyan, spirituality remains connected to the approach of the spiritual brain, providing evidence that human beings possess neurobiological tools for spiritual experiences.
Neurospirituality profoundly impacts both the physical and mental state of individuals.Those with a strong spiritual status tend to experience quicker recovery, fewer physical disturbances, and greater calmness when facing problems or excessive stress.
Neurospirituality doesn't only influence physical ailments like heart disease or arthritis but also extends to mental health conditions, including depressive disorders and compulsive obsessions.
The relationship between neurospirituality and health stems from the innate human drive to seek the meaning of life.The pursuit of life's purpose is a result of brain performance, particularly involving the prefrontal cortex.The human prefrontal cortex sets humans apart from animals as it plays a pivotal role in future planning, decision making, and morality and value judgment.These functions serve as the foundation for seeking the meaning of life.
While there may still be individuals exhibiting negative behaviors, the neurospiritual approach prioritizes the spiritual aspect of worship directed vertically towards God.This approach enhances the congregation's spiritual growth and fosters a deeper connection with their faith during Ramadan.Brain experts acknowledge that there are specific elements in the brain associated with human spiritual values.Certain human behaviors can influence the brain, particularly when individuals draw closer to God during the month of Ramadan 1442 H.During this sacred month, spiritual practices and increased devotion can have an impact on the brain's functioning, promoting a deeper sense of spirituality and connection with the divine.
One neurospiritual aspect related to the activities of Jogokariyan mosque is the act of reading the Quran.When the congregation engages in the practice of tadarus (reading the Quran), several processes and brain areas become active.These processes include visualization, auditory processing related to hearing, language comprehension, and aspects related to spirituality and divinity.

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As for tarawih prayer, prayer is an act of worship that involves specific words and actions, beginning with takbiratul ihram and concluding with greetings, following certain conditions and pillars.Prayer is both a physical and psychological activity, as these aspects are interconnected and inseparable.During prayer, the brain controls the body's movements, and the memory is engaged in reciting the prayers and performing the prescribed movements.Simultaneously, the heart follows and attunes to the spiritual significance of the prayer's movements.Given the integrated nature of physical and psychological activities during prayer, it can be considered a form of physical therapy.
Additionally, the recitation of prayers and the psychological engagement during prayer can serve as a form of psychological therapy.
In his book, Pasiak (2012) highlights the close relationship between the brain and spirituality, viewing them as two interconnected entities.He further states that engaging in practices such as using prayer beads, reciting the Quran, and performing prayer movements can enhance faith and boost immunity in the human body.This finding aligns with the religious behavior observed at Jogokariyan mosque in Yogyakarta.
The results of this study are presented based on the themes generated during the research process, collecting data in the field by setting a place at the Jogokariyan Mosque with the object of research being the Takmir of the mosque, the Ramadan 1442 H committee of the Jogokariyan mosque, and the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque.
At the same time answer the variable problem formulation questions above.Based on data analysis found several results that affect the results of the study.

Neurospiritual in Religious Behavior of the Jogokariyan Mosque Congregation
Jogokariyan Mosque is located in Jogokariyan village, Yogyakarta city area.To be precise, the Jogokariyan mosque is known as the mosque as the center of the da'wah-based movement in the city of Yogyakarta.The mosque, which is very strategically located, is the only mosque in Yogyakarta that is known for its use of countermeasures for the economic welfare of Jogokariyan residents who have not been able to afford it, according to information from the mosque Takmir.Included in the mosque as a center for the Covid-19 pandemic disaster management, because during the pandemic the Jogokariyan mosque was able to help pilgrims Jogkariyan mosque and Jogokariyan residents whose socio-economic impacts are reduced (Observation, 2021).Jogokariyan Mosque, the Takmir of Jogokariyan mosque, known to Jazir, initiated the mosque census.Annual data collection produces a Ramadan during the Covid-19 pandemic, this mosque continues to carry out a series of religious activities.As described in the introduction, it is in line with the preliminary survey with the mosque takmir and the Ramadan committee."prt(Jogokariyan Mosque Congregation Yogyakarta), Interview, Yogyakarta, Wednesday 10 April 2021 (Prt, 2021).
In the next stage, the approach used by researchers is neurospiritual.Considering that as a response to the research theme on the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation, it is seen from a neurospiritual perspective, namely spirituality with worship activities to get closer to Allah with neuroscience, namely the brain.Neurospiritual is often used as an ability and theory applied by Taufik Pasiak and other scientists.
With the data from a neuroscience perspective, specifically related to the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation, the phenomenon that occurs or the circumstances that occur means that the spiritual response of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation is good.Neuroscience is the study of the picture of the human brain, including a picture of the pattern of life or daily behavior.In the brain, there are parts of organs that function as centers and stimulation of nerve cells to other parts of the organ.
The part of the brain that functions as a determinant and conclusion is found in the forebrain, known as the prefrontal cortex.From the Islamic perspective, it is appropriate for the Islamic encyclopedia that discusses the concept of the brain or the meaning of nasyiyah contained in verses 15-16.Verses 15-16 explain the nature of the brain or those related to human behavior (Alexander, 2020).Given the explanation above, neuroscience has other derivatives of scientific studies, as Pasiak 2012 states that the brain and spiritual contexts are closely related.The suitability of the brain for good behavior, especially in spiritual behavior is closely related, the brain automatically becomes good and the human becomes pious.The brain response in the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque experienced a fairly good spiritual impact.This is called neurospiritual, which is a combination of neuroscience (the basis of the brain), every behavior that relies on the brain is related to spirituality, namely neurospiritual (Makin, 2019).
Jogokariyan Mosque during the Covid-19 pandemic, worship activities continue, starting from congregational prayers to Islamic studies.Both virtual studies and offline studies (face to face).However, at the Jogokariyan mosque, they still adhere to health protocols, for mosque congregations who are positive for the Covid-19 virus, they are Yogyakarta, Wednesday 10 April 2021 (Jzr, 2021).
As the researcher adopts the research objectives and research arguments in the introduction, in line with the results of this study.Religious behavior pilgrims Jogokariyan mosque even though it is in a psychological atmosphere is not possible, namely during the Covid-19 pandemic.The mental health of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation is still stable in terms of increasing good social stability relationships (P.Pertiwi, Llewellyn, & Villeneuve, 2020).Therefore, religious behavior at the Jogokariyan mosque has an impact on good behavior.Because of this, it is necessary to be supported and followed up by important roles such as the government and religious leaders in Yogyakarta.As a positive encouragement to other mosque congregations (P.P. Pertiwi, 2022).Physical and spiritual health during the Covid-19 period is very diverse.Some are still stressed with the increasingly easing conditions related to the high level of Covid-19.Innovative researchers have many solutions and alternatives provided by the government.Of course, the approach taken by the government is still medical.This can also be directed to alternatives for physical, spiritual, and mental health of Covid-19 patients or society in general.The congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque is not that there are no mosque worshipers who have been exposed to Covid-19, but there are members of the Jogokariyan mosque who   This condition is in line with good behavior, especially in the field of research based on Google Scholar, which includes one of increasing faith and patience, including listening to religious tausiyah delivered by ustadz and religious leaders.In this activity, tausiah before breaking the fast of the congregation of the mosque is also emphasized with social distancing, as the distance between the sitting congregation is far apart from one another.
The label Jogokariyan Mosque is a mosque that prioritizes health while maintaining health protocols.Follow the instructions and rules issued by the government Covid-19 Task Force.Although the Jogokariyan Mosque activities continue during the month of Ramadan, the health priority of the mosque's congregation is still a priority.Even the mosque has also collaborated with PKU, hospitals in Yogyakarta, such as PKU Muhammadiyah, Hidayatullah hospital, and general hospitals in Yogyakarta.
"Together with one of the Ramadan committees who are in charge of providing iftar takjil.Jogokariyan Mosque provides 2000 takjil iftar provided for the congregation of the mosque.To break the fast, the porch is waiting for the congregation to open the mosque following the iftar study.According to Tina (Ramadan committee) before Covid-19, the Jogokariyan mosque gave its takjil with a buffet, meaning mosques and other mosques has been in lockdown.Activities or programs carried out by the Jogokariyan mosque in Yogyakarta affect other mosques in Yogyakarta.Regarding programs and ways to develop alternative responses during the Covid-19 period in the month of Ramadan 1444 H. Psychosocial related to the psychology of religion in the researcher's religious experience is not too detailed, precisely focuses on experiences and worship activities in the Jogokariyan mosque.This has been going on before the month of Ramadan, in early March the development of Covid-19.The activity program at the Jogokariyan mosque has been very active in the aspect of dealing with the impact of the Covid-19 disaster.Thus the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque is pro-type and a pioneer among other mosque congregations.The Jogokariyan Mosque still exists in carrying out a series of worship in the month of Ramadan 1442 H. Remains active in spreading Islamic da'wah and broadcasting.Although several mosques in Yogyakarta continue to carry out a series of Ramadan 1442, they are not as complete as RELIGIA Vol. 26 No. 2 Oktober 2023 related to the relationship of creatures to God. and related to religious behavior carried out by the congregation of the Jogokariyan mosque.The journal research was also reviewed by Ubudiyah 2020, in his research entitled "Counseling Through Interfaith Meditation at Vihara Karangdjati Yogyakarta" specifically Ubudiyah explained in her research results that "Meditation from a neuroscience perspective can affect a person's spiritual and religious experience".This means that Neuroscience shows the existence of functions and the nervous system that influences the actions of an individual.Neuroscience influences spiritual and religious experiences.His calm balance of nerves and waves will reach the point of calming God Spot (Farikhatul 'Ubudiyah, 2020).Subsequent journal research is commensurate with Valentina's research entitled "Making Meaning of Religious Values in Preventing a Fatal Suicide Act of a Bisexual Youth With Borderline personality Disorder: A Qualitative Study" in the results of her research Valentina et al., 2021, Ramadan 1442 H at the Jogkokariyan mosque, Yogyakarta.The reason for choosing case study-based research is to strengthen research data that are activities at the jogokariyan mosque.Researchers are interested in knowing the behavior of the mosque congregation in the month of Ramadan 1444 H. Characteristics of Research Informants consisted of people who were close and included in the research location at the Jogokariyan mosque.The age of the research informants consisted of 30 and above.From the three research informan, it is expected to obtain complete data regarding the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation during the holy month of Ramadan 1442 H, even during the Covid-19 pandemic.This means that the three informants are 20 mosque congregations, 1 mosque takmir, and 1 Jogokariyan mosque Ramadan committee.Determination of research informan is done by the purposive sampling technique.Respondents in this study were honest in conveying research data, active in speaking, and communicative.Valid, honest, and reliable research subjects with the results of interview data, observations, and documentation.To determine the level of validity and honesty of the subjects of this study.Following the concept and systematic flow of research methods.The validity and authenticity of the research data were carried out by collecting correct and valid data.The researchers took the documentation directly at the research location.Likewise, the informants who were asked for information and explanations were very valid and according to the valid research method coordinator.Researchers in receiving data from informants, both interviews, observations, and documentation with valid and what it is from the informant or respondent.The researchers took data and research surveys with the Covid-19 prevention health program because it was still in the Covid-19 period.Subjects who were asked for information or data by researchers existed during the research process.This particular consideration, So that it will be easier for researchers to trace the object/social situation under study.Informant data were obtained from the chairman of the Takmir, the Takmir management, the Ramadan committee, and the congregation Yogyakarta mosque.Informant data to complete the results of this study related to data collection interviews, observations, and documentation.Implementation of data collection by using the method of interview, observation, and documentation.First, in-depth interviews are guided by the interview guide and are not structured.Interviews are the primary data in this study.Interviews are intended to obtain data by asking questions about everything to informants regarding religious behavior, for example, Ramadan activities during the Covid-19 pandemic, routine studies before breaking the fast during the Covid-19 period, Tarawih prayers during the Covid-19 period, breaking fast together during the Covid-19 period.Informants to be interviewed are the chairman of the mosque Takmir, the Ramadhan 1442 H committee, and the Jogokariyan mosque congregation.Data collection on informants is done randomly or randomly.Second, observations were made to obtain information about religious behavior, and religious activities that took place at the Jogokariyan mosque.Observations to be carried out are formal or informal.The observation method was carried out by researchers to observe the mosque environment, the activities of mosque congregations, and events during the month of Ramadan.Third, is the method of documentation.Observations were carried out directly and came to the research location.Observing and observing a series of activities in the month of Ramadan 1442 H. Researchers monitored the conditions and events that occurred in the research location.Observations were made perfectly clear and valid.The documentation that will be studied is texts and photos of activities at the Jogokariyan mosque.The texts are in the form of study schedules and religious activities, pictures of prayer lines (distancing distance), pictures of takjilan activities, pictures of breaking fast, pictures of tarawih prayers during the Covid-19 pandemic.triangulation.The researcher conducts the validity of the data so that later the data obtained by the researcher is truly valid and perfect.Because this research is case study based, the data are still relevant and related to religious behavior in the Jogokariyan mosque which is supported by the latest literature.DISCUSSION 1.The Role of the Covid-19 Task Force and Mosque Takmir Regarding Religious Understanding during the Covid-19 Period In this context, the mosque's management committee (takmir masjid) has issued guidance and directions to the congregation of Jogokariyan Mosque.Despite the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic, the mosque has continued to hold and uphold its religious activities, especially during the conclusion of 2021.Jogokariyan Mosque has been particularly proactive in disseminating a series of religious events and programs.These include religious lectures held in preparation for breaking the fast (Iftar) and the congregation's participation in Tarawih prayers, a special form of nightly prayer during the holy month of Ramadan.The commitment of Jogokariyan Mosque to maintain its religious activities in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic demonstrates their dedication to providing spiritual support and a sense of community to their congregation.The mosque's efforts to adapt and continue these religious practices serve as an example of resilience and determination in challenging times, emphasizing the importance of faith and community during such global health crises.The role of the Covid-19 Task Force in explaining to the congregation of Jogokaryan Mosque about religious understanding is crucial in the effort to combat the Covid-19 pandemic.This task force serves as a bridge between the government, religious values embedded in religious teachings.Through collaborative efforts, we can effectively address the pandemic.
have been exposed to Covid-19.But fortunately, the mosque takmir immediately overcomes and synergizes in the recovery of mosque congregations affected by Covid-19.According to information from the mosque takmir, even this kind of activity was carried out before the month of Ramadan 1442 during the Covid-19 period.Based on the documentation data from the research results: there is documentation data in the form of images related to this research.Documentation that is relevant to the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation during the routine religious activities of the Holy month of Ramadan 1442 H.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Tausiah Ahead of Iftar (Documentation, 2021).Figure 1 above is the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation to Figure 1.Tausiah Ahead of Iftar (Documentation, 2021).Figure1above is the religious behavior of the Jogokariyan mosque congregation to study and listen to the speaker's or Ustadz' tausiah about increasing Faith during the Covid-19 pandemic, as a benchmark for increasing religious behavior to increase piety and faith in the month of Ramadan.It can be seen in Figure1, that the congregation of the mosque is focused on listening to the tausiah delivered by the ustadz.The pattern of religious behavior of the mosque congregation describes the behavior of worship that is relevant to Islamic guidance.Based on observations made by researchers, when activities take place such as afternoon studies before breaking the fast, many mosque congregations focus on listening.even though the mask is closed during the Covid-19 pandemic.