Hadith Authentication Method: Concept, Application and Critique of Orientalist Skepticism

Authenthication


INTRODUCTION
Hadith authentication is considered very urgent in hadith studies because it concerns the originality of hadith.The basic thing that needs to be known is that hadith is considered the second source of law after the Koran for Muslim scholars, but then there are groups of orientalists (western scholars) who are skeptical (doubtful) of the originality of hadith, even considering that hadith is just fabrication (Dozan et al. nd ) .The orientalist group is Ignaz Goldziher and Josep Schacht with their projecting back theory , as well as GHA Juynboll with their common link theory.They analyze hadiths using only a single analysis system, either sanad or matan (Muammar 2019) with the conclusion that there are no authentic hadiths from the Prophet ‫,ﷺ‬ even if there are only a few in number (Azam Abdul 2015) .Seeing the dichotomy of this study, Harald Motzki offers a method of analyzing hadith with a dual system called isnad cum matn analysis which appears to counter orientalist skepticism of hadith.
There is some literature that examines the hadith authentication method from Motzki's perspective, which is called isnad cum matn analysis .( 1 The description explains that there is no research that specifically examines the hadith authentication method from Harald Motzki's perspective, which is called isnad cum matn analysis by outlining the concept, method, application and criticism of orientalist skepticism of hadith.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the hadith authentication method initiated by Motzki, also to analyze the theory in its application, and to describe Motzki's criticism of the statements of orientalists who are skeptical of hadith.This research is interesting to discuss because in its application, sometimes the isnad cum matn analysis method can change the status of hadith.For example, in the case of the shaum hadith which was investigated by Kamaruddin Amin.Basically the hadith has been studied with mutawatir results , but the results are different after being studied with the isnad cum matn method .In addition, this method can also date hadiths that are older than what has His full name is Harald Motzki, born in Berlin, West Germany on August 25, 1948 (Deden, Sayuti, and Hasyim nd) .Motzki was raised in a Catholic family.He was born to Guenther (his father) and Brunhilde (his mother), his childhood Motzki was always educated as a Catholic.(Deden et al. nd) Motzki studied at the Humanistic Academic High School. From 1968to 1969(Nugroho 2021) , he studied comparative religion, Arabic and Semitic languages.He has also studied German, ancient philosophy and history at the University of Bonn, Germany.In 1969-1970 he studied New Testament at the ecole pratique des hautes etudes and studied Greek at the Ecole Nationale Des Langues Orientales in Paris, France from 1970 to 1974 (Deden et al. nd) .
In 1974-1978, Motzki studied Islam, Arabic, history and modern sociology.At various universities in Bonn and Cologne, he won Ph, D degrees, under the guidance of Prof. Albrecht North at the University of Bonn.His work received an award from the Ministry of Science and Culture of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1980. In 1978-1981, he was a guest lecturer in the Department of Islamic Studies at the University of Bremen.Then Moztki became Professor (Deden et al. nd) .The development of human thought is of course influenced by the external environment, as well as Harald Moztki who lives in an Orientalist environment.In general, Harald Moztki did not explain in detail the analytical method used in researching the book of al-Musannaf (Nugroho 2021) .
Motzki has quite a number of works in the form of books and articles, including those related to hadith studies, namely: 1) The Mu ṣ annaf of ʿ Abd Al-Razz ā q Al-San ʿ ā n ī As A Source Of Authentic A ḥ ādīth Of The First Century; 2) Quo Vadis.Hadit-Forschung?Eine Kritische Undersuchung Von GHA Juynboo: "Nafi" The Mawla Of Ibn Umar And His Position In Muslim Hadith Liberature ; 3) Die Anfangeislamischer Jurisprudenz.Ihre Entwicklung In Mekka Bis Zur Mitte Des Jahrhunderts The Origin Of Islamic Jurisprudence; Meccan Fiqh Before The Classical Schools (Wazna 2018).

Isnad Cum Matn Analysis (Building Theory)
As it is known that the product of the theory of projecting back , argumentum e-silentio and common link is the method of dating (dating) hadith (Ilham and Kurniawan 2021) .This is related to (1) when the hadith books were written, (2) far or near the time of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬ and (3) whether or not the hadiths in the book can be accounted for historically (Idri 2017) .The consequence is that if the dating proves that a hadith is not authentic, then all premises, theories and conclusions built on the hadith collapse .It was from here that Harald Motzki attempted to refute the onslaught of the skeptical school of theory with the isnad cum matn analysis method (Amen 2003).
The method of isnad cum matn analysis is the theory of dating hadith by analyzing and examining the transmission lines ( isnad ), by collecting and comparing variations of hadith texts ( matn ) together.This method will help (1) find out who is the common link and partial common link , (2) find out which narrators have gone astray, added or subtracted the original hadith, (3) measure the level of accuracy of the narrators by analyzing the matan of each hadith (Idri 2017).
In contrast to previous theories which only focused on the analysis of isnad, the method initiated by Motzki uses multiple analysis and places sanad and matan in an equal position, so as to obtain more accurate information in determining the origin of a hadith (Maizuddin 2016).This is as found in hadith science fans that: (1) an isnad that is authentic does not guarantee that the matrices are also authentic , because sometimes the validity of an isnad is due to the reliability of the narrator but the eyes are not valid because of syadz or 'illat (al-Jazari 2001), (2) the hadiths mutually interpret one another (al-Baghdadi 1996), strengthening each other rather than weakening (Amin, 2009).This combination method starts from the assumption that there is a correlation between sanad and matan, if both are part of the transmission process then it will be something very valuable.With this assumption, the scholars believe that it makes no sense if this correlation is the result of systematic falsification, because the correlation phenomenon involves a very wide range of parties, which almost requires every narrator to falsify.But the fact is that there are often differences between the branches and pathways of the sanad, as well as differences in the matan.From here it is possible to check or analyze isnad by using matan (Motzki 2005).
Motzki considers that the variation in sanad or matan is evidence that the hadith was actually narrated by various narrators who may have differences in the quality of their memorization, thus impacting the diversity of editorials but having similarities in theme or core (Ulumuddin 2020).The diversity of these editors indicates the small possibility of planned counterfeiting.Therefore, sanad and matan hadiths are trustworthy (Arif 2008) .To find the biographies of narrators as well as the quality of their memorization, Motzki still uses the works of classical scholars who compile the biographies of these narrators.As done by the scholars when looking for the quality of certain hadith.

Motzki Research Object
As an effort to prove the authenticity of hadith, the primary source of analysis is the book of al-Mushannaf 'Abd Ar-Razzaq Ash-Shan'ani (W.211 H) (Nugroho 2021) .With the sampling method (Adib 2017; Motzki 1991) and traditional-historical approach (Masrur 2013) .The conclusion of his research is that the materials in the book 'Abd al-Razzaq (which he claimed to have received from his four main informants -Ma'mar (d.153 H), ibn Juraij (d. 150 H), al-Tsauri (d.161 H) and ibn 'Uyainah (d.198)-) are genuine (actually derived from the four authorities), not forged by 'Abd al-Razzaq (Amin, 2009) .So it is proven that the book of al-Mushannaf 'Abd Razzaq is an authentic source of hadith and law in the first century Hijriah (Amin 2003).
t stopping there, Motzki then investigated in detail the distribution of transmission of ibn Juraij from 'Atha' ibn Abi Rabah (d.115 H) and proposed extrinsic and intrinsic formal criteria of authenticity (Idri 2017).On the extrinsic criteria, Motzki analyzed two things, (1) the magnitude (number of sanad and its distribution) carried out by ibn Juraij to 'Atha' and other narrators.He narrated the hadith with complicated sanad (Adib 2017).There is a diversity of text genres (delivery style), namely responsiveness (questions) and dicta (statements/hadith) (Amin, 2009).This argument leads to the conclusion that ibn Juraij's history of 'Atha' in the book of al-Mushannaf is authentic and can be considered as a historically reliable source ( Amin 2003).
The theory of dating using the isnad cum matn analysis method is research that can be accounted for academically, because it is based on original sources with a traditional-historical approach and extrinsic and intrinsic argumentation formal criteria of authenticity (Adib 2017;Junaidi 2015) .If examined more deeply, these methods can be aligned with the study of the science of hadith from the ideas of the salaf scholars.Such as the traditional-historical approach to the science of rijal al-hadith (Ghouri 2017), while the extrinsic and intrinsic formal criteria of authenticity theory with the theory of al-tahammul wa al-ada' (Suhlul 2011).

How Isnad Cum Matn Analysis Theory Works
isnad cum matn analysis method works , as well as how far the credibility and trustworthiness of the method is in his article entitled Dating Muslim Traditions: A Survey (Amin, 2009) .The workings of this method are: (1) compiling all the variants of the hadith found.( 2) compiling all the isnad variants in the form of diagrams ( bundle isnad ) as documentation of the hadith transmission process, to detect common links or partial common links .
(3) perform a matan analysis by comparing one hadith editor with another from a different transmission line, to verify the common link .(4) comparing the variant group of matan and group of isnad variant , to check whether or not there is a correlation.( 5) if there is a correlation, then conclusions can be drawn through the original editor which is narrated by the common link and the editor `narrated by the narrator after the common link which is responsible for the changes that occur during transmission (Motzki 2005) .
Canonical books (kutub al-sittah), but also applies to pre-canonical and post-canonical books.It is also not limited to Sunni books, but also applies to Shia books.(2) in making a sanad diagram, there are two forms: button to up and right to left (according to the arrow: Prophet ‫ﷺ‬ →Mukharij).(3) the proof of the analysis is seen from the similarities or differences in structure, text, additions and subtractions.(4) paying attention to the similarity of hadith editors from sanad that pass through the common link .(5) determine the narrator who is responsible for the hadith matan (Muammar 2019) .
As an application of the isnad cum matn analysis method , Kamaruddin Amin researched the hadith shaum in his academic work entitled Re-examining the accuracy of the hadith criticism method.This book was introduced directly by Harald Motzki.The research on shaum hadith using the isnad cum matn analysis method is a core part of his book, with the aim of seeing how far this method can prove that it dates far back (Maizuddin 2016) .

The Application of Isnad Cum Matn Theory to the Hadith of Shaum
It should be remembered that carrying out dating hadiths using the isnad cum matn analysis method cannot be separated from the common link method , because researchers are required to determine which narrators are the common link of an isnad bundle to determine when, who and where a hadith originates (Haitomi and Syachrofi 2020 ) .In this case, Kamaruddin Amin researched the hadith of shaum (fasting).This hadith has mutawatir status in the view of classical Muslim hadith critics because it was narrated by more than 10 friends, no doubt this hadith is automatically seen as sourced from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬ (Maizuddin 2016) .
Kamaruddin Amin was aware of the status of this hadith being up to date and the authenticity of this hadith from the Prophet ‫,ﷺ‬ he even stated that research on this hadith might be considered excessive and unnecessary.Even so, he continued to conduct research because of his belief that this hadith had never been studied using the isnad cum matn method .Because every hadith wherever it is published and no matter how high it is appreciated by the scholars, it still has to be examined before being given a scientific assessment of its beliefs (Amin, 2009) .
As the method of isnad cum matn analysis works , the first step that Kamaruddin Amin took was to collect the hadiths and find them in several books, namely Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Sunan ibn Majah, Sunan al-Tirmizi, Sunan al-Nasai, Muwattha ' Malik, al-Mushannaf , Sunan al-Darimi, Musnad ibn Hanbal and other books (Amin, 2009) .The second step is to make a sanad tree (Amin, 2009) .As it is known that this hadith has the status of mutawatir , so the tree of sanad that is formed is very complicated and requires a very large space .As in the following attachment: As its function, the formation of a sanad tree is intended to find common links and partial common links .In this case Kamaruddin Amin uses Juynboll's theory of ideas to detect who is the common link in this isnad tree.The result is that the real common link is Abu Hurairah (Amin, 2009) , while the partial common link is (Abu Salih, ibn al-Musayyab, Muhammad ibn Ziyad and ibn Sirin).Because each of their traditions was narrated by several students who also had pcl status (Amin, 2009) .
Then the third step is to compare the editorial hadith.As an example, we present a table containing editorial comparisons on Waki' history.1989) Ibn Abi Shaibah