Assessing the Political Impact of Women’s Political Representation on Women’s Health in Indonesia, 2009-2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v16i2.8914Abstract
This study explores the influence of women's representation in the Indonesian Parliament (DPR RI) on women's health outcomes, specifically through the mediation of health policies. The primary objective is to assess whether increased political representation of women leads to improved health conditions for women by influencing policy decisions. The research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing path analysis using Stata over 15 years. The model examines the relationship between women's representation as the exogenous variable, women's health policies as the intervening variable, and various indicators of women's health as the endogenous variable. Of the 14 health equations analyzed, only two yielded significant results: (1) a direct effect of women's political representation on women's health and (2) a direct effect of women's representation on the coverage of health insurance in Indonesia. The limited significance of these results is attributed to the fact that the 30% gender quota in Parliament has not been fully achieved, and the indicators used to measure women's health may not be fully representative. The study underscores the need for a more balanced representation of women in legislative bodies and the development of more comprehensive health indicators to capture the state of women's health in Indonesia.
Keywords:
References
Abbas, F., Andy Arya Maulana Wijaya, Herman Lawelai, L.M Azhar Sa’ban, & Hazel Jovita. (2023). Stagnansi Keterpilihan Perempuan dalam Pemilu Indonesia: Sebuah Literature Review. Muwazah, 15(2), 119–140. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v15i2.2140
Abbott, P., Sapsford, R., & Binagwaho, A. (2017). Learning from Success: How Rwanda Achieved the Millennium Development Goals for Health. World Development, 92, 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.013
Alexander, L. L., LaRosa, J. H., Bader, H., & Garfield, S. (2020). New Dimensions in Women ’ s Health Seventh Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Anwar, S. L., Tampubolon, G., Van Hemelrijck, M., Hutajulu, S. H., Watkins, J., & Wulaningsih, W. (2018). Determinants of cancer screening awareness and participation among Indonesian women. BMC Cancer, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4125-z
BPJS. (2018). Social Insurance Administering Agency Regulation No. 3 of 2019. In Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2018 (Vol. 151, Issue 2).
Clayton, A., Josefsson, C., & Wang, V. (2017). Quotas and women’s substantive representation: Evidence from a content analysis of ugandan plenary debates. Politics and Gender, 13(2), 276–304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X16000453
Constitutional Court. (2008). Women’s Representation in the House of Representatives After Constitutional Court Decision Number 22-24/PUU-VI/2008. In Newcastle University. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/MT_Globalization_Report_2018.pdf%0Ahttp://eprints.lse.ac.uk/43447/1/India_globalisation, society and inequalities(lsero).pdf%0Ahttps://www.quora.com/What-is-the
Cowell-Meyers, K., & Langbein, L. (2009). Linking Women’s Descriptive and Substantive Representation in the United States. Politics and Gender, 5(4), 491–518. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09990328
Dahlerup, D. (1988). From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavian Politics. Scandinavian Political Studies, 11(4), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1988.tb00372.x
Edström, J. (1992). Indicators for Women’s Health in Developing Countries: What They Reveal and Conceal. IDS Bulletin, 23(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1992.mp23001006.x
Fadhilah, N. (2022). Children’s Boarding School in Indonesia: Examining Psychological and Social Dynamics in the Perspective of Gender-Friendly Islamic Boarding Schools. Muwazah: jurnal kajian gender, 117-138. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v14i1.7257
Fadhilah, N., & Rohmaniyah, A. (2023). Problematic preventive efforts of sexual harassment through Islamic gender justice values-based education. Gender equality: international journal of child and gender studies, 9(2), 220-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/equality.v9i2.19586
Garcia, F. A. R., Freund, K. M., Berlin, M., Digre, K. B., Dudley, D. J., Fife, R. S., Gabeau, G., Geller, S. E., Magnus, J. H., Trott, J. A., & White, H. F. (2010). Progress and priorities in the health of women and girls: A decade of advances and challenges. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(4), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1627
Grey, S. (2006). Do Women Represent Women? Rethinking the “Critical Mass” Debate. Politics and Gender, 2(1), 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X06241011
Halimatusa’diyah, & Arif. (2021). Gender Equality, Women’s Political Representation, and Maternal Mortality: Lessons from Indonesia. Journal of Development Perspectives, 4(1–2), 39. https://doi.org/10.5325/jdevepers.4.1-2.0039
Haryono, T. J. S., Kinasih, S. E., & Mas’udah, S. (2013). Akses dan Informasi Bagi Perempuan Penyandang Disabilitas dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Reproduksi dan Seksualitas. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik, 26(2), 65–79. http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-mkp29d2a43bf3full.pdf
Hidayati, E., Primadani, A. K., Aprilianada, V., & Pratiwi, Y. A. (2022). Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pemilihan Metode Kontrasepsi pada Perempuan Usia Subur di Indonesia (Analisis Data SDKI 2017). Muhammadiyah Journal of Midwifery, 3(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.24853/myjm.3.1.18-28
Ihza, I. M., & Fadhilah, N. (2022, July). Psychoeducation Implementation of the Society in Early Marriage Prevention in the Songgodadi Village. In Proceeding International Conference on Islam and Education (ICONIE) (Vol. 2, No. 1).
IPU Parline. (2024). Monthly Ranking of Women in National Parliaments. In IPU Parline. https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking/?date_year=2024&date_month=10
Kiswanto, E. (2018). Dinamika Pemakaian Alat Kontrasepsi Pada Wanita Pernah the Dynamics of the Use of Contraceptives in Ever-Married Women in Indonesia : Data Analysis Ifls 1997 , 2000 and 2007. Dinamika Pemakaian Alat Kontrasepsi Pada Wanita Pernah Kawin Di Indonesia: Analisis Data Ifls 1997, 2000, Dan 2007, 23, 17–37.
Kosasih, D. M., Adam, S., Uchida, M., Yamazaki, C., Koyama, H., & Hamazaki, K. (2022). Determinant factors behind changes in health-seeking behaviour before and after implementation of universal health coverage in Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13142-8
Law of Repubrlic of Indonesia No 24 2011 Concerning Social Insurance Administrator. (2011). In Экономика Региона (Vol. 53, Issue 9).
Lena, M., & Netina, K. (n.d.). (Gender and Politics) Susan Franceschet, Mona Lena Krook, Netina Tan - The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights-Palgrave Macmillan UK (2019).pdf.
Maiese, D. R. (2002). Healthy People 2010 - Leading health indicators for women. Women’s Health Issues, 12(4), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-3867(02)00140-8
McCartin, M., Cannon, L. M., Harfmann, R. F., Dalton, V. K., MacAfee, L. K., & Kusunoki, Y. (2022). Stigma and Reproductive Health Service Access Among Women in Treatment for Substance Use Disorder. Women’s Health Issues, 32(6), 595–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.06.003
Mechkova, V., & Edgell, A. B. (2023). Substantive Representation, Women’s Health, and Regime Type. In Comparative Political Studies (Vol. 0, Issue 0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140231204222
Ministry of Health. (2009). Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 36 of 2009.
Ministry of Health. (2023a). Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. In Undang-Undang (Issue 187315).
Ministry of Health. (2023b). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2023.
Noerdin, E., Sita Aripurnami, M., Anindhita, F., Nila Kusumawati Elison, Mk., Bunga Pelangi, M., & Lina Rintis Susanti, S. (2015). The Implementation of Maternal Health Facilities In the National Health Insurance (JKN) Era (Issue 71). https://www.wri.or.id/attachments/article/662/WRI_National Health Insurance %28JKN%29_Policy Brief 2015.pdf
Norberg, C., & Johansson, M. (2021). “Women and ‘Ideal’ Women”: The Representation of Women in the Construction Industry. Gender Issues, 38(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09257-0
Oktavia, S. N., & Prayoga, D. (2023). Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Loyalitas Pasien Pada Rumah Sakit Ibu Dan Anak : Literature Review. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 4(3), 2199–2205. https://doi.org/10.31004/jkt.v4i3.16876
Pitkin, H. F. (1967). The concept of Representtion. In University of California Press (Vol. 105, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1964.10663765
Quick, J., Jay, J., & Langer, A. (2014). Improving Women’s Health through Universal Health Coverage. PLoS Medicine, 11(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001580
R., O., J.-C., F., L., I., & A., K. (2011). Utilization of maternal health services among young women in Kenya: Insights from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, 2003. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11(1), 1–9. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/11/1%5Cnhttp://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed10&NEWS=N&AN=2011038229. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-11-1
Rahmawati, T., & Hsieh, H. M. (2024). Appraisal of universal health insurance and maternal health services utilization: pre- and post-context of the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional implementation in Indonesia. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(March), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1301421
Ruriana, A. P., Fahadayna, A. C., & Tawakkal, G. T. I. (2023). Political Parties and Women’s Representation in the Indonesian Parliament 2009-2019. Politik Indonesia: Indonesian Political Science Review, 8(2), 234–251. https://doi.org/10.15294/ipsr.v8i2.45916
Saputra, H. A., Mutiarin, D., & Nurmandi, A. (2020). Muwazah. 12(1), 89–110. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v12i1.8577
Saputra, W. A. (2019). Peran Anggota Dprd Perempuan Dalam Melaksanakan Fungsi Anggaran. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Suara Khatulistiwa, 4(2), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.33701/jipsk.v4i2.748
Savedoff, W. D., De Ferranti, D., Smith, A. L., & Fan, V. (2012). Political and economic aspects of the transition to universal health coverage. The Lancet, 380(9845), 924–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61083-6
Swiss, L., Fallon, K. M., & Burgos, G. (2012). Does critical mass matter? Women’s political representation and child health in developing countries. Social Forces, 91(2), 531–558. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sos169
Uvuza, J. N. (204 C.E.). Hidden Inequalities: Rwandan Politicians’ Experience of Balancing Family and Political Responsibilities. Newcastle.
Wahyuni, H., Qodir, Z., Prastya, D. E., & Singh, B. (2021). Muwa ah. 40, 21–40. https://doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v13i1.293
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Muwazah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
